dict va set - turlari

dict - to‘plam turi

set - to‘plam turi

Biz ko‘p o‘rinlarda to‘plam turidan foydalanamiz. To‘plamlarga odatda ta’rif bermaymiz, lekin umumiy holda ma’lum bir narsalarni qamrab oluvchi turga aytamiz. Masalan, u sinfdagi barcha obyektlar bo‘lishi mumkin, yoki o‘quvchilar bo‘lishi mumkin. Ushbu turning qolgan tuple va list turlaridan asosiy farqi, ushbu tur matematikadagi to‘plam tushunchasi bilan bir xil amallarni bajishga yordam berib, ikkita bir xil qiymatni o‘zida saqlamaydi. Quyida bu turning umumiy xususiyatlari:

• set turi matematikadagi to‘plamlarni ifodalaydi hamda turli amallarni bajarish uchun bir qancha metodlarni taqdim etadi;

• tartiblanmagan - uning elementlari umuman biror tartibga ega bo‘lmaydi;

• o‘zgartirib bo‘lmaydigan - ichidagi elementlarning qiymatlarini almashtirib bo‘lmaydi;

• indeks operatori mavjud emas - tartiblanmagi uchun ham hech qanday indekslash amali mavjud emas, ya’ni uning elementlarini olib ham almashtirib ham bo‘lmaydi;

• takrorlanuvchi elementlar mavjud bo‘lmaydi - ikki bir xil qiymatlar mavjud bo‘lmaydi;

• faqat heshlash mumkin bo‘lgan turlarni saqlaydi.

Eslatma. Biz haligacha heshlash nima ekanligi haqida umumiy holda aytmadik. str va tuple turlarning obyektlarini heshlash mumkin, lekin dict va list turi obyektlarini esa mumkin emas. Sodda holda, biz qiymatlarini o‘zgartirib bo‘ladigan obyektlarni heshlay olmaymiz, chunki ularni umumiy holda xotiradagi manzilini saqlaymiz(xatolik bilan aytganda). Lekin, str va tuple turining obyketlarining qiymatlarini indeks bo‘yicha almashtirib bo‘lmaydi.

Bu tur obyektlarni hosil qilishning eng sodda yo‘li jingalak {} qavslardan foydalanamiz va ushbu qavslar ichida esa qiymatlarni vergul bilan ajratgan holda joylashtiramiz. Quyida raqamlar to‘plamini o‘zida saqlovchi dastur matni keltirilgan.

digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
print(digits)

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Ushbu turning obyektlariga indeks orqali murojaat qilish mumkin emas:

digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
print(digits[0])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[1], line 2
      1 digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
----> 2 print(digits[0])

TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable

Qiymatlarini indeks amali orqali o‘zgartirish ham mumkin emas:

digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
digits[0] = 0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[2], line 2
      1 digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
----> 2 digits[0] = 0

TypeError: 'set' object does not support item assignment

Turli xildagi obyektlarni element sifatida saqlash mumkin:

digits = {0, 'nol', 1, 'bir', 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
print(digits)

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 'nol', 'bir'}

E’tibor bering, yuqoridagi kodda digits o‘zgaruvchisini chop etganimizda elementlar ketma-ketligi birinchi berilgan ketma-ketlikdan boshqacha chiqdi, chunki bu tur qiymatlarni tartiblanmagan holda saqlaydi. Lekin, xuddi shu qiymatlarni tuple yoki list turida saqlasak unda bu ketma-ketlik o‘zgarmaydi, quyidagicha:

digits = (0, 'nol', 1, 'bir', 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
print(digits)
digits = [0, 'nol', 1, 'bir', 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
print(digits)

(0, 'nol', 1, 'bir', 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
[0, 'nol', 1, 'bir', 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Eslatma. Biz yuqorida tartib tushunchasi haqida so‘z yuritganimizda, list, tuple va set turlarining elementlarini qanday ketma-ketlikda kiritishni nazarda tutyabmiz. Shunga ko‘ra, list va tuple turlari biz bergan tartibni saqlab qoladi, lekin set unday qilmaydi.

Yana bir list va tuple turdan farqi, agar bo‘sh to‘plam e’lon qilmoqchi bo‘lsak, faqat set() funksiyasidan foydalana olamiz. Agar jingalak {} qavslardan foydalansak, u holda bu tur dict turi bo‘lib qoladi.

empty = {}
print(type(empty))

<class 'dict'>

set turi element sifatida list va dict turlari obyektlarini qabul qilmaydi, chunki ularning elementlarini o‘zgartirish mumkin:

s = {1, 2, [3, 4, 5], 6, (7, 8), 9}

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[6], line 1
----> 1 s = {1, 2, [3, 4, 5], 6, (7, 8), 9}

TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'

Ushbu tur obyekti bizga bir qancha metodlarni taqdim etadi:

1. *.add() - yangi element qo‘shish;

s = {1, 2, 3, 4}
s.add(5)
print(s)

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

2. *.clear() - hamma elementlarini o‘chirib yuborish:

s = {1, 2, 3, 4}
s.clear()
print(s)

set()

3. *.copy() - hamma elementlaridan nusxa olib, undan yangi set turi obyektini hosil qiladi:

s = {1, 2, 3, 4}
s1 = s.copy()
print("s1=", s1)
s1.add(5)
print("s=", s)
print("s1=", s1)

s1= {1, 2, 3, 4}
s= {1, 2, 3, 4}
s1= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Agar biz *.copy() metodining o‘rniga shunchaki = o‘zlashtirish amalini ishlatib yangi obyektni hosil qilsak, u holda bu ikki obyekt bir joyga murojaat qilayotgan bo‘ladi hamda birining o‘zgarishi ikkinchisiga ta’sir qiladi. Chunki ularning xotiradagi joyi bitta hisoblanadi:

s = {1, 2, 3, 4}
s1 = s
print("s1=", s1)
s1.add(5)
print("s=", s)
print("s1=", s1)

s1= {1, 2, 3, 4}
s= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
s1= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Mutable va immutable

• list

Immutable

• tuple, str, set, etc

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print(len(thisset))

3

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {1, 5, 7, 9, 3}
set3 = {True, False, False}

set1 = {"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}

myset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(type(myset))

<class 'set'>

thisset = set(("apple", "banana", "cherry", 'apple')) # note the double round-brackets
print(thisset)

{'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}

thisset = {0, 'orange', "apple", "banana", "cherry", 1}

for x in thisset:
  print(x)

0
1
cherry
orange
banana
apple

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print("banana" in thisset)

True

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print("banana" not in thisset)

False

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.add("orange")

print(thisset)

{'orange', 'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}

thisset.update(tropical)

print(thisset)

{'pineapple', 'papaya', 'mango', 'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
mylist = ["kiwi", "orange"]

thisset.update(mylist)

print(thisset)

{'cherry', 'orange', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana'}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.remove("banana")

print(thisset)

{'cherry', 'apple'}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.discard("banana")

print(thisset)

{'cherry', 'apple'}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

x = thisset.pop()

print(x)

print(thisset)

cherry
{'banana', 'apple'}

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.clear()

print(thisset)

set()

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

del thisset

print(thisset)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[129], line 5
      1 thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
      3 del thisset
----> 5 print(thisset)

NameError: name 'thisset' is not defined

setlarni qo‘shish

• union()

• update()

• intersection()

• difference()

• symmetric_difference()

set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}

set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)

{1, 2, 'a', 3, 'b', 'c'}

set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}

set3 = set1 | set2
print(set3)

{1, 2, 'a', 3, 'b', 'c'}

set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set3 = {"John", "Elena"}
set4 = {"apple", "bananas", "cherry"}

myset = set1.union(set2, set3, set4)
print(myset)

{1, 2, 'a', 3, 'cherry', 'apple', 'b', 'bananas', 'John', 'c', 'Elena'}

set1 = {"a", "b", "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}
set3 = {"John", "Elena"}
set4 = {"apple", "bananas", "cherry"}

myset = set1 | set2 | set3 |set4
print(myset)

{1, 2, 'a', 3, 'cherry', 'apple', 'b', 'bananas', 'John', 'c', 'Elena'}

x = {"a", "b", "c"}
y = [1, 2, 3]

z = x.union(y)
print(z)

{1, 2, 'a', 3, 'b', 'c'}

set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3}

set1.update(set2)
print(set1)

{1, 2, 'a', 3, 'b', 'c'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set3 = set1.intersection(set2)
print(set3)

{'apple'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set3 = set1 & set2
print(set3)

{'apple'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set1.intersection_update(set2)

print(set1)

{'apple'}

set1 = {"apple", 1,  "banana", 0, "cherry"}
set2 = {False, "google", 1, "apple", 2, True}

set3 = set1.intersection(set2)

print(set3)

{False, 1, 'apple'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set3 = set1.difference(set2)

print(set3)

{'cherry', 'banana'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set3 = set1 - set2
print(set3)

{'cherry', 'banana'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set1.difference_update(set2)

print(set1)

{'cherry', 'banana'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set3 = set1.symmetric_difference(set2)

print(set3)

{'microsoft', 'cherry', 'banana', 'google'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set3 = set1 ^ set2
print(set3)

{'microsoft', 'cherry', 'banana', 'google'}

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}

set1.symmetric_difference_update(set2)

print(set1)

{'microsoft', 'cherry', 'banana', 'google'}

dict - lug’at turi

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
print(thisdict["brand"])

Ford

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964,
  "year": 2020
}
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020}

print(len(thisdict))

3

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "electric": False,
  "year": 1964,
  "colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]
}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
print(type(thisdict))

<class 'dict'>

thisdict = dict(name = "John", age = 36, country = "Norway")
print(thisdict)

{'name': 'John', 'age': 36, 'country': 'Norway'}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]
print(x)

Mustang

x = thisdict.get("model1")
print(x)

None

x = thisdict.keys()
x

dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year'])

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

x = car.keys()

print(x) #before the change

car["color"] = "white"

print(x) #after the change

dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year'])
dict_keys(['brand', 'model', 'year', 'color'])

car

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964, 'color': 'white'}

x = thisdict.values()
print(x)

dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 1964])

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

x = car.values()

print(x) #before the change

car["year"] = 2020

print(x) #after the change

dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 1964])
dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 2020])

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

x = car.values()

print(x) #before the change

car["color"] = "red"

print(x) #after the change

dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 1964])
dict_values(['Ford', 'Mustang', 1964, 'red'])

x = thisdict.items()
print(x)

dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 1964)])

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

x = car.items()

print(x) #before the change

car["year"] = 2020

print(x) #after the change

dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 1964)])
dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 2020)])

car = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}

x = car.items()

print(x) #before the change

car["color"] = "red"

print(x) #after the change

dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 1964)])
dict_items([('brand', 'Ford'), ('model', 'Mustang'), ('year', 1964), ('color', 'red')])

for key, value in car.items():
    print(key, value)

brand Ford
model Mustang
year 1964
color red

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
if "model" in thisdict:
  print("Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary")

Yes, 'model' is one of the keys in the thisdict dictionary

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
thisdict["year"] = 2018

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
thisdict.update({"year": 2020, 'brand': 'Tiko‘, 'color': 'red'})
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Tiko', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 2020, 'color': 'red'}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
thisdict.popitem()
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang'}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
del thisdict
print(thisdict) #this will cause an error because "thisdict" no longer exists.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[76], line 7
      1 thisdict = {
      2   "brand": "Ford",
      3   "model": "Mustang",
      4   "year": 1964
      5 }
      6 del thisdict
----> 7 print(thisdict) #this will cause an error because "thisdict" no longer exists.

NameError: name 'thisdict' is not defined

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)

{}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
for x in thisdict:
  print(x)

brand
model
year

for x in thisdict:
  print(x, thisdict[x])

brand Ford
model Mustang
year 1964

for x in thisdict.values():
  print(x)

Ford
Mustang
1964

for x in thisdict.keys():
  print(x)

brand
model
year

for x, y in thisdict.items():
  print(x, y)

brand Ford
model Mustang
year 1964

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
mydict = thisdict.copy()
print(mydict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}

thisdict = {
  "brand": "Ford",
  "model": "Mustang",
  "year": 1964
}
mydict = dict(thisdict)
print(mydict)

{'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}

myfamily = {
  "child1" : {
    "name" : "Emil",
    "year" : 2004
  },
  "child2" : {
    "name" : "Tobias",
    "year" : 2007
  },
  "child3" : {
    "name" : "Linus",
    "year" : 2011
  }
}

child1 = {
  "name" : "Emil",
  "year" : 2004
}
child2 = {
  "name" : "Tobias",
  "year" : 2007
}
child3 = {
  "name" : "Linus",
  "year" : 2011
}

myfamily = {
  "child1" : child1,
  "child2" : child2,
  "child3" : child3
}

print(myfamily["child2"]["name"])

Tobias

for x, obj in myfamily.items():
  print(x)

  for y in obj:
    print(y + ':', obj[y])

child1
name: Emil
year: 2004
child2
name: Tobias
year: 2007
child3
name: Linus
year: 2011